Kutenga Marobhoti eServo Akabatana Nematatu: Maitiro Eindasitiri uye Zvitupa

Kutenga Marobhoti eServo Akabatana Nematatu: Maitiro Eindasitiri uye Zvitupa

Kune vatariri vekutenga mafekitori vari kunze kwenyika uye mainjiniya emapurojekiti eotomatiki, sarudzo yekutenga ye marobhoti eservo ane tambo nhatu Zvakaoma kupfuura kungoenzanisa zvinodiwa uye kuverenga mitengo. Kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu ekutumira kunze kwenyika, boka rezvishandiso zvisina zvitupa zvakakosha zvinogona kukonzera kunonoka kwemitero, nguva yekushanda kwemutsetse wekugadzira, uye kunyange njodzi yekurambidzwa kwemusika. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvakarongeka kukosha kwezvinodiwa neindasitiri nezvitupa, tichitarisa pane zvinonetsa pakutenga, kuti zvikubatsire kudzivirira "misungo yemitengo yakaderera" uye kuvaka nzira yakachengeteka yekutenga.

I. Nhanganyaya: "Chikanganiso Chinouraya" Mukutenga Kunze Kwenyika - Chidzidzo Chechokwadi

Kambani yekuEurope inogadzira zvikamu zvemotokari yakatenga marobhoti gumi nemaviri eservo ane mativi matatu kubva kuAsia muna 2024 kuti agadzire zvinhu nemazvo. Mushure mekunge michina yasvika paPort of Hamburg, Germany, kuongororwa kwemitengo kwakaratidza zvinotevera:

Yakanga isina mushumo wekuyedza weEMC (electromagnetic compatibility) une chitupa cheCE, ichikundikana kutevedzera EU Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC);

Chiyero chekuchengetedzwa kwemotokari yeservo chaive IP54 chete, chikatadza kusangana nechiyero cheISO 12100 che "nzvimbo dzakanyorova mumashopu emaindasitiri."

Zvinhu zvakazochengetwa pachiteshi kwemazuva makumi maviri nerimwe, zvichikonzera mari inosvika €86,000 yekudzikisa mutengo wezvinhu uye mari yekuchengetedza. Mutsetse wekugadzira wakavharwa nekuda kwekushomeka kwemidziyo, zvikaita kuti pave nemari yekutyora mutemo we €120,000. Kutenga uku kamwe chete, kusingatariswe chitupa chakajairwa, kwakaita kuti pave nekurasikirwa zvakananga kweanoda kusvika €200,000.

Iyi haisi nyaya yega. Sekureva kwemushumo we2024 weInternational Machinery Purchasing Association (IMPA), kusawirirana kwekutenga zvinhu pasi rose kunokonzerwa ne "kushaya chitupa chemusika chakanangana" kunokonzeresa 37% yematambudziko ese ekutenga michina, gakava rega rega richikonzera kurasikirwa kwehupfumi kweavhareji kanenge ka1.8 pane mari yekutenga.

II. Kunzwisisa Kwakakosha: Maitiro uye Masisitimu Ekupa Zvitupa zveThree-Axis Servo Ruoko rweRobotics

Kuti tidzivise njodzi dzekutenga, zvakakosha kutanga tanzwisisa kuti maoko e-three-axis servo robotic, semidziyo mikuru yekushanda otomatiki yeindasitiri, ane mwero uye zvitupa zvinofukidza kuchengetedzeka, mashandiro, uye kutevedzera mitemo. Misika yakasiyana-siyana ine zvinodiwa zvakajeka.

2.1 Mitemo Yekutanga Yakafanana Pasi Pose: "Muganho Ushoma" weVatengi Vepasi Poset

Mitemo iyi inoshanda se "mutauro wakajairika" mumisika yakasiyana-siyana uye inosarudza kana michina ichifanira kushandiswa mumaindasitiri:

ISO 13849-1 (Kuchengetedzwa kweMichina): Inotsanangura zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza marobhoti. Semuenzaniso, nguva yekumira kwekukurumidzira yekubatanidza matatu-axis inofanira kunge iri ≤0.5 masekondi, uye kukanganisa kwekukonzeresa kwekudzivirira overload yemota yeservo hakufanirwe kudarika ±5% kudzivirira kukuvara kwemunhu kana kukuvara kwemidziyo nekuda kwekumhanya kwemuchina.

ISO 9283 (Robot Performance Specification): Inotsanangura nzira dzekuyedza dzekururama kwenzvimbo uye kudzokorora kwemaoko erobhoti ane mativi matatu. Semuenzaniso, nemutoro we5kg, kururama kwenzvimbo kunofanira kunge kuri ≤±0.1mm uye kudzokorora ≤±0.05mm (hunhu hwakasiyana zvichienderana nemodhi yemuchina, asi mwero wekuyedza wakajairwa pasi rose).

IEC 61800-5-1 (Adjustable-Speed ​​​​Power Drive Systems): Yakanangana nekuchengetedzeka kwemagetsi eservo drive systems, inoda insulation resistance ≥100MΩ uye ground resistance ≤0.1Ω kudzivirira tsaona dzebasa dzinokonzerwa nekubuda kwemagetsi.

2.2 Chitupa Chekumanikidzwa Chedunhu: "Access Pass" kuenda kuTarget Market

Nyika/matunhu akasiyana achaisa zvinodiwa zvechitupa chemuno pamusoro pezvinodiwa zvepasi rose. Zvigadzirwa zvisingakwanise kuzadzisa zvinodiwa izvi hazvigone kutengeswa kana kushandiswa zviri pamutemo:

Chitupa cheEU CE (Michina Directive + EMC Directive):
Maoko erobhoti ane servo robotic matatu anotumirwa kuEU anofanirwa kutevedzera zvese zviri zviviri Machinery Directive (MD) uye Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC):

MD Directive: "Risk Assessment Report" inodiwa kuratidza kuti michina iyi yadzivirira njodzi gumi nematanhatu dzemakanika, dzakadai sekupwanya nekuchekerera (semuenzaniso, Z-axis lift mechanism inofanira kunge yakashongedzwa nemudziyo unodzivisa kuwa);
EMC Directive: Mwaranzi yemagetsi yemuchina panguva yekushanda inofanira kuongororwa (≤54dBμV/m2) kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti haikanganisi mimwe michina yemagetsi iri muworkshop, senge maPLC nemasensa.

Cherechedza: Chitupa cheCE chinofanira kupihwa nesangano rakaziviswa neEU (rakadai seTÜV kana SGS). Zvitupa zveCE zvakazvizivisa hazvishande panguva yekuongororwa kwemitengo.

Chitupa cheUS UL 1998:
Kuti pave nekuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi, chitupa ichi chinotarisa pakuedza dziviriro yeservo system pamusoro pekupisa kwakanyanya uye pfupi-circuit. Semuenzaniso, kana tembiricha yekumonera mota ikadarika 155°C, mudziyo unodzivirira unofanira kubvisa simba mukati memasekonzi matatu. Uyezve, michina yacho inofanira kunge yakanyorwa nechiratidzo cheUL certification nenhamba yefaira; zvikasadaro, ichakundikana kuongororwa kweOSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration).

Chitupa cheJapan JIS B 8433:
Zvinodiwa zverobhoti kuti zvigone kugadziriswa nharaunda zvakanyanya kuomarara. Semuenzaniso, kudzikira kwekunyatsorongeka kwenzvimbo kunofanirwa kunge kuri ≤10% mukati mekupisa kuri pakati pe -10°C kusvika 40°C, uye Robhoti MInofanira kushanda nguva dzose kwemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri pahunyoro hwe90% (isina kutonhora) pasina kukanganisa kwemagetsi.

Southeast Asia TISI Certification (Thailand) uye SIRIM Certification (Malaysia):
Kunyangwe zviyero zvekuyedza zvichireva nezve ISO system, bvunzo dzemuno dzinofanirwa kuitwa nesangano rezvitupa remuno, uye chitupa chinofanira kunge chine mazita emutauro wechiThai/Malay kudzivirira matambudziko ekubvumidzwa kwemitero nekuda kwezvipingamupinyi zvemutauro.

III. Kukosha Kwakadzika: Mitemo neChitupa: Zvinopfuura "Pasipoti" Kungoti "Ichokwadi Chemhando Yebasa"

Vatengi vazhinji vanoona chitupa chemazuva ose se "mutengo unodiwa," vachitarisa zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru zviri shure kwacho - zvinhu zvinosarudza zvakananga "hupenyu hwemuchina," "mari yekushanda nekugadzirisa," uye "kudzoka kwemari inoiswa."

3.1 Kukosha 1: Kuve nechokwadi chekuti "Hunhu Hwakafanana" uye Kudzivisa "Kuchinjana kweBatch"

Vatengesi vane zvitupa zvepasi rose vanofanirwa kugadzira "system yekudzora mhando yakazara":

Zvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa: Mota dzeServo dzinofanira kutevedzera IEC 60034, uye mareducer anofanira kupasa bvunzo yekuchena yeISO 14644-1 (saizi yezvikamu ≤ 5μm);

Kugadzira: Maitiro ekugadzira anofanirwa kutevedzera zvinodiwa zveISO 9001 process control. Chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chemuchina chinofanira kuedzwa ka100 kakatevedzana kutanga-kumira uye kuyedzwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kushanda kwemuchina usati wabuda mufekitori;

Mushure mekutengesa: "Mushumo wekugadzirisa michina yekuyera" unoenderana neISO 10012 unofanirwa kupihwa kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvakarurama panguva yekugadzirisa kunotevera. Kusiyana neizvi, michina isina chitupa chakajairwa inogona kusangana nekusiyana kwekururama kwenzvimbo kusvika ku±0.3mm mukati mebatch imwe chete, zvichikonzera kuchinja-chinja kwegoho rezvigadzirwa pamutsetse wekugadzira uye kuwedzera kwemari yekugadzirisa patsva.

3.2 Kukosha 2: Kuderedzwa kweNjodzi dzeKuchengetedzeka uye Kudziviswa Kwemhosva Yepamutemo

70% yezviitiko zvekuchengetedza munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri zvine chekuita nekushomeka kwekuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo. Tichitora "mazinga ekuchengetedza" eISO 13849-1 semuenzaniso:

Kana robhoti reservo rine mativi matatu richishandiswa mu "munhu-Robhoti Chii"mamiriro ezvinhu ekushanda," inofanira kusangana nePerformance Level d (PLd). Sisitimu yekumisa njodzi inofanirwa kushandisa dhizaini ine nzira mbiri kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kana imwe chiteshi ikakundikana, imwe chiteshi inogona kukonzera kumira kwenjodzi.

Kana ikashandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu e "heavy load (≥20kg), inofanira kusvika padanho rePLe uye inofanira kunge iine "physical guardrail + photoelectric sensor" sezvakatsanangurwa muISO 14121 kudzivirira kufamba netsaona uye kuroverana. Kana michina yakatengwa ikasasvika pazvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza, kana pakaitika njodzi yekuchengetedza, kambani haizongobhadhari mari yekurapwa kwevashandi nemari yekubhadhara, asiwo inogona kubhadhariswa faindi kubva kuvatongi vemunharaunda nekuda kwe "kushandisa michina isingatevedzere mitemo" (semuenzaniso, muEU, faindi dzinogona kusvika ku4% yemari inoshandiswa pagore yekambani).

3.3 Kukosha 3: Kuve nechokwadi chekuti "Kuenderana Kwenguva Refu" uye Kuderedza Mari Yekuvandudza

Midziyo yemagetsi inoshanda mumaindasitiri inowanzo shanda kwemakore 8-10, panguva iyo kuvandudzwa kwemitsara yekugadzira uye kubatanidzwa kwemasisitimu kungadiwa. Midziyo yakagamuchira chitupa chakajairwa inopa zvakanakira zvinotevera zvinoenderana:
Protocol yeKutaurirana: IEC 61158-inoenderana nePROFINET neEtherCAT protocols, zvichibvumira kubatanidzwa zvakananga nePLCs huru (dzakadai seSiemens S7-1500 neMitsubishi Q series);
Software Interface: Kutsigira ISO 15066 human-machine software standards kunobvisa kudiwa kwekuvandudzwa kwedriver kana uchiwedzera mavision systems gare gare;
Kutsiva Zvikamu Zvekuchengetedza: Zvikamu zvakakosha (zvakaita semamota eservo nema encoders) zvinoenderana nemazinga epasi rose, zvichibvisa kudiwa kwekutsiva zvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye kuderedza mitengo yekutenga zvikamu zvekuchengetedza.
Midziyo isiri yemhando yepamusoro inowanzoshandisa maprotocol ayo uye zvikamu zvisiri zvemhando yepamusoro. Kuvandudzwa kunotevera kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akadai sekutadza kubatana nemasisitimu matsva kana zvikamu zvekuchengetedza zvisiri zvemazuva ano, zvichimanikidza kuti michina isashande nguva isati yakwana uye zvichikonzera mari inoraswa.

IniMukatiZvidzidzo Zvadzidzwa Kuburikidza Nekushanda Nesimba: Mari Ina Dzakavanzika Dzekuregeredza Chitupa Chemhando Yepamusoro

Vatengi vazhinji vanosarudza michina isina chitupa nekuda kwe "mutengo wakaderera," asi havazivi kuti mitengo yakavanzwa gare gare inogona kupfuura mari yekutanga yavanochengetedza:

4.1 Mari yekubvisa mitero yemutero nemitengo yekuwana misika

Zvinhu Zvakachengetwa: Sezvakataurwa pakutanga, michina isina chitupa cheCE inochengetwa pachiteshi cheEU, nemari yekubvisa zvinhu pazuva inosvika €4,000, uye nguva yekuchengetwa kwemidziyo inowanzogara kwevhiki imwe kusvika ku4.

Kugadziriswazve: Kana kugadziriswazve kwezvitupa kuchidikanwa munharaunda, mutengo unogona kupetwa kaviri kana katatu kupfuura chitupa chemugadziri wekutanga (semuenzaniso, kugadziriswazve kwezvitupa zveCE kunodhura €15,000-30,000 uye kunogona kutora mavhiki mana kusvika matanhatu).

Kugadzirisa: Kana michina ikatadza kupihwa chitupa chemuno, inofanira kudzoserwa kumugadziri wayo wekutanga kuti igadziriswe. Mari yekutumira nekudzoka inogona kusvika pa30%-50% yemutengo wekutenga.

4.2 Mari Yekushanda Nekugadzirisa

Kuwanda Kwekukundikana: Mota dzeServo dzisina chitupa chakajairwa dzine nguva yepakati pakati pekukundikana (MTBF) yemaawa angangoita 5,000, nepo mota dzinosangana nezvinodiwa neIEC dzine MTBF yemaawa anosvika 15,000, musiyano wakapetwa katatu mukuwanda kwekugadzirisa.

Dambudziko rekugadzirisa: Zvikamu zvisiri zvemhando yepamusoro zvinoda kugadzirwa kwakagadzirwa nemaoko, uye nguva dzekushanda kwezvikamu zvepashure pemasvondo 8-12. Munguva iyi, michina isingashandiswi inotungamira pakushanda kwetambo dzekugadzira, zvingangodhura makumi ezviuru zvemadhora pazuva.

Mari Yakawanda Yesimba: Masisitimu eServo asingasvike pamitemo yeIEC 61800-3 yekushandisa simba zvakanaka anoshandisa magetsi akawanda ne15%-20% kupfuura masisitimu anoshandisa simba zvakanaka. Kana unit imwe chete ichishanda kwemaawa gumi nematanhatu pazuva, mari yemagetsi yakawandisa pagore inosvika €2,000.

4.3 Mari dzeMutemo neMukurumbira

Mari dzeMitero: US OSHA inogona kubhadharisa makambani anowanikwa aine mhosva yekushandisa michina isina chitupa cheUL faindi inosvika $136,000 payuniti imwe neimwe.

Kurasikirwa neOdha: Kana odha yemutengi ikanonoka nekuda kwekutadza kwemidziyo, kambani inogona kurangwa nechibvumirano (kazhinji 5%-10% yemutengo weodha) uye kutorasikirwa nemutengi wenguva refu.

Kukuvadzwa kweBrand: Kana pakaitika njodzi yekuchengetedzeka, kambani inotarisana nekufumurwa kwenhau uye kuferefetwa kwemitemo. Kukuvadzwa kwemukurumbira weBrand kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa nemugove wemusika.

4.4 Mari Yekuvandudza uye Kutsiva

Kusawirirana Kwemasisitimu: Kune michina isina maprotocol akajairwa, kubatanidzwa kunotevera neMES system kunoda kuvandudzwa kweinterface, kunodhura mari inosvika €50,000-100,000.

Kusashanda Nguva Yakwana: Midziyo inogona kumanikidzwa kurega kushanda mushure memakore 3-5 nekuda kwekukundikana kuzadzisa mitemo mitsva yekuchengetedza (yakadai seMuchina weEU mutsva, uyo uchatanga kushandiswa muna 2027), zvichideredza zvakanyanya purofiti yekudyara.

V. Gwaro Rinoshanda Rekutenga: Matanho Matatu Ekusimbisa Kuvimbika Kwemitemo Nezvitupa

Ungadzivisa sei kukundwa nezvitupa zvenhema zvinopihwa nevatengesi? Matanho matatu anotevera akakosha:

5.1 Danho 1: Simbisa Simba reBoka reChitupa

Chitupa cheEU CE: Simbisa kuti sangano rinopa isangano reEU Notified Body (nhamba yemuviri inogona kuwanikwa pawebhusaiti yeEuropean Commission, senge TÜV Rheinland No. 0197 uye SGS No. 0158).

Chitupa cheUS UL: Pinda pawebhusaiti yeUL (ul.com), isa nhamba yechitupa, uye tarisa kana "Scope of Certification" ichisanganisira "ruoko rwerobhoti reservo rine mativi matatu" (kwete chikamu chimwe chete senge mota yeservo).

Mitemo yepasi rose: Vatengesi vanofanirwa kupa mushumo webvunzo dzevamwe (senge mushumo webvunzo wekuongorora weISO 9283). Mushumo wacho unofanirwa kusanganisira chiratidzo chekubvumidzwa cheCNAS kana ILAC-MRA chesangano rinoongorora (kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti nyika yese inozivikanwa).

5.2 Danho rechipiri: Simbisa "Ruzivo rweMudziyo" Zvichienderana neMaitiro

Kunyora Zvekuchengetedza: Muviri wemudziyo unofanirwa kuva nechiratidzo chekusimbisa chakajeka (semuenzaniso, kureba kwechiratidzo cheCE ≥ 5mm, chiratidzo cheUL chinofanira kunge chine mabhii "UL" uye patani yakatenderera). Chiratidzo chinofanira kunyorwa kana kudhindwa zvachose, kwete sticker.

Magadzirirwo Ehunyanzvi: Simbisa kuti maparameter ari mubhuku rekushandisa anoenderana nezvinodiwa zvechitupa. Semuenzaniso, michina ine chitupa cheCE inofanira kunge yakanyorwa ne "EMC Class A" uye "Safety Level: PLd."

Kutevedzera Zvishandiso: Tarisa zvitupa zvechitupa zvezvikamu zvakakosha zvakaita semamota eservo nemareducer kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti "chitupa chose chemudziyo" uye "chitupa chechikamu" zvinoenderana (kudzivirira "kuunganidza mudziyo wese nezvikamu zvisina chitupa").

5.3 Danho rechitatu: Kuongorora Kwefekitori Panzvimbo: "Kuongorora Kuitwa Kwemitemo"

Kana mari yekutenga yakakura (semuenzaniso, inodarika €500,000), kuongororwa kwefekitori panzvimbo yacho kunokurudzirwa, uchitarisa zvinotevera:

Maitiro Ekugadzira: Magwaro ekutonga maitiro eISO 9001 anowanikwa here, akadai se "Servo System Assembly Work Instructions" uye "Accuracy Test Record Sheet"?

Midziyo Yekuyedza: Midziyo yekuyedza inoenderana nezvinodiwa inowanikwa here (semuenzaniso, laser interferometer yekuyedza kunyatsoongorora, EMC test chamber yekuyedza electromagnetic compatibility)?

Sisitimu Yekupedza Kutengesa: ISO 10012 "Measurement Equipment Calibration Plan" iripo here? Raibhurari yezvikamu zvekuchengetedza ine zvikamu zvinotevedzera mitemo here?

VI. Mhedziso: Maitiro neZvitupa Ndiwo "Musimboti, Kwete Denga" reSarudzo dzeKutenga

Rini kutenga ruoko rwerobhoti rine servo ine mativi matatu"Mutengo" haufanirwe kuva chinhu chikuru chinosarudzwa. Mitemo yeindasitiri nezvitupa hazvisi chete zvinodzivirira kupinda mumusika wakatarwa, asiwo zvinovimbisa kuti michina yacho ine mhando, kuchengetedzeka, uye inoenderana. Zvinogona kukubatsira kudzivirira matambudziko ekubvisa zvinhu kubva kumitero, kuderedza njodzi dzekuchengetedza, uye kuderedza mitengo yenguva refu, zvichizopedzisira zvaita chinangwa chekuti "tenga kamwe chete, unakirwe nerugare rwepfungwa kwemakore gumi." Kana uri kutenga robhoti reservo rine mativi matatu remusika wekunze kwenyika, zvibvunze mibvunzo mitatu:

Inosangana nezvinodiwa zvese zvechitupa zvinofanirwa kupihwa kune musika waunoda here?

Midziyo iyi inoenderana nezvinodiwa zvepasi rose (zvakaita seISO 13849 neISO 9283) here?

Mutengesi anogona here kupa mishumo yakazara yebvunzo dzevamwe uye magwaro echitupa?

Kana mhinduro iri kwete, sarudza nokungwarira, kunyangwe mutengo wacho wakaderera. Pamusoro pezvose, kusarudza kutenga zvisiri izvo kunogona kukudhura zvakanyanya kupfuura zvawaitarisira.